Moral Perspectives On Euthanasia Philosophy Essay

Moral Perspectives On Euthanasia Philosophy Essay Should individuals, especially terminally ill-people in excruciating pain, be able to end their lives? If so, may they hasten their deaths only be refusing medical treatment designed to sustain their lives, or may they take active measures to kill themselves? Can they ask others to assist them? Who can they ask: their spouses? Close friends? Their doctors? Should they expect the law to support their decision?  [1]  These are commonly asked question when debating on euthanasia. In this paper I shall try to answers these questions from different moral perspectives. According to Vincent Barry, euthanasia is the act of painlessly putting to death a person suffering from terminal or incurable disease or condition  [2]  . To elaborate, euthanasia is deliberate act; it is painless killing and is performed to people with incurable disease or irreversible coma. In addition euthanasia is performed only to those patients who have confirmed diagnosis of untreatable disease, are at their terminal stage of life and are suffering from intense pain or other painful medical symptoms. The term euthanasia is often used interchangeably with physician assisted suicide/death as it is usually assisted or advised by a physician. There are six categories of euthanasia. However it can be classified in two different ways. First is the way life is taken from the patient suffering from terminal disease, which is known as active or passive euthanasia. Active euthanasia is an act of killing the person by injecting lethal drugs to cause immediate and painless death. While passive euthanasia is omitting the act of saving a persons life with incurable disease, and is not benefiting from the existing medical treatment. Hence passive euthanasia is allowing the patient to die (Daniel Gorman, 1998). Moreover it could be painful or painless depending on the present condition of the sufferer. Not everyone agrees with classifying passive euthanasia under the category of euthanasia as it is not a deliberate act of killing, and is usually prolong and painful. Therefore allowing the patient to die can be morally permissible (Gay-Williams, 1979). Others argue killing and allowing dying holds same moral position in some cases and therefore should be answered separately (James Rachels, 1975). The second method of classification of euthanasia is (a) voluntary i.e. the sufferer who is competent adult is giving consent for particular form of treatment for euthanasia. (b) Non-voluntary euthanasia i.e. when the consent is given by some other person because the patient to die is not eligible to give consent (Vincent Barry, 1985, pg 195). Different moral positions and arguments are held for different forms of euthanasia. Therefore in this paper I would discuss voluntary active euthanasia from Kantian and utilitarians perspective. In additions I would be discussing arguments for and against voluntary active euthanasia. Immanuel Kant focuses on actions and labels an action morally right if it is done for the sake and respect of duty. For him rational being is someone who guides his will and duty with reason. In addition he talks about principal of categorical imperatives that actions are morally correct if a person can will it to be universalized. Also he says not to use human beings as mere beings. Kant would look at voluntary active euthanasia as a form of suicide. In his groundwork for metaphysics of morals he talks about it as Act in such a way as to treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of anyone else, always as an end and never merely as a means  [3]  . So a person choosing euthanasia is using himself as mere being and is not respecting his own rationality. Hence Kant would strictly forbidden voluntary euthanasia as the person in pain inclined to take his life, is not acting according to duty and is therefore always immoral. The action is moral as Kant says if the unfortuna te one, strong in mind, indignant at his fate rather than desponding or dejected, wishes for death, and yet preserves his life without loving it not from inclination or fear, but from duty, then his maxim has a moral worth  [4]  . There are many schools of thoughts on utilitarianism but John Stuart Mills theory on utilitarianism and euthanasia will be discussed. Mills ethical theory mainly talks about pleasure and avoidance of pain. According to him, actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce reverse of happiness  [5]  . Hence voluntary active euthanasia can produce happiness for a number of people. Firstly the persons suffering from pain will get rid of it and having control over their lives would give pleasure. Secondly the family of the patients, who feel the pain of their close ones, and who are spending lots of money in the treatment, will ultimately be free of pain. Therefore utilitarians would allow active voluntary euthanasia because it follows greatest happiness principle. In my point of view, voluntary active euthanasia can be morally permissible. Keeping utilitarianism in mind, active voluntary euthanasia holds many advantages. It terminates the suffering and pain of the terminally ill persons and their families. In addition the material resources and paramedical staff needed to keep alive patients, whose death is certain, can be used for those patients who have curable diseases. Moreover families of such patients suffer from economic burden of medical expenses, hence it is also relieved. Lastly and most importantly, euthanasia gives a sense of autonomy and control to people, to decide how and when their lives should end, when death with incurable disease is certain. Now I shall converse the arguments for and against the act of voluntary active euthanasia. The first argument made by most of the opponents is that act of euthanasia is against the divine will of God and it interferes in the natural processes that God has formulated for human beings. As argued by Gay-Williams (1979), man as trustee of his body act against God, its rightful possessor, when he takes his own life. Hence killing human life is violation of Gods commandments. However Vincent Barry in his writings answers this argument in the light of modern medicine. He argues that contemporary advances in medicine have also interfered with the divine plan of God as it has prolonged peoples life who would have died long before. Hence if active euthanasia is said to be immoral, then prolonging peoples life against the will of God can also said to be immoral. Opponents of euthanasia argue that diagnosis made by physicians may at times be wrong. Therefore a patient diagnosed as having incurable disease might be an error. That is a mistaken diagnosis is made, and patient is forced to go for euthanasia. In addition they claim that physicians as human beings are inclined to make errors therefore euthanasia leads to an immoral and unacceptable act (Hooker, 2002, pg 28)  [6]  . In answer to this argument, proponents respond that there are very few cases in which such error is made. This doesnt imply that euthanasia shouldnt be legalized. If euthanasia is to be legalized and practiced, only medical experts would be eligible to make a diagnosis. Further to reduce the error of misdiagnosis, three medical experts shall discuss the diagnosis and come to the conclusion of whether euthanasia is applicable or not. The third argument made by the opponents is regarding new treatment options. They argue that what if new treatment modalities are available after acting on euthanasia? The outcomes would be terrible. Moreover people and physicians would become hopeless as soon as they encounter fatal disease and would not look for new treatment options. Brad Hooker (2002) talks about two standards that need to be followed for euthanasia. First he says that as euthanasia is always implied at the end stages of a fatal disease, where there is no possibility of the diseased being benefited from new medical treatments, hence in such cases active voluntary euthanasia can be entertained. Secondly on the other hand, if there is a possibility that a patient might benefit from any innovative medical treatment, euthanasia should always be restricted. Slippery slope argument on the legalization of voluntary active euthanasia is also made by most of the opponents. They argue that once we have allowed voluntary euthanasia, in no time, non voluntary euthanasia will also be allowed and legalized. Hence doctors and sufferers family will start killing them without their consent. These people will be killed for wealth they posses, doctors will kill them so they can save hospitals resources and so on. Thus it will lead to a chain of reaction leading to devastating results. The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy cites a study done in Netherlands in 1995 to explore the reality of slippery slope argument. The researchers found the slippery slope argument groundless. That is to say, there a clear distinction between voluntary and non voluntary euthanasia, therefore there is no point in saying that legalization of active euthanasia will lead to abuses of non voluntary euthanasia. Moreover if active voluntary euthanasia would be legalized, it would need to be carefully drafted. And the law would have to be rigorously policed, to prevent abuse (Hooker, 2002, pg 30). In the conclusion, as euthanasia has six classifications, each type should be evaluated for moral worth. Some opponents might argue that good palliative care and pain relief measures are adequate and hence euthanasia is not required. However regardless of our maximum effort to provide best palliative care, euthanasia will always be picture. Moreover the price for not allowing active euthanasia will be paid by sufferer whose suffering and pain will increase (Gorman, 1999, p.860), thus active voluntary euthanasia should be legalized. However in order to ensure that people do not misuse it, law should be strictly implemented. In this way, the victim would feel autonomous and will die with dignity.

Roles, Responsibilities and Relationships in Lifelong Learning

Roles, Responsibilities and Relationships in Lifelong Learning The purpose of this assignment is to understand a teacher’s role and responsibilities in Lifelong Learning by summarising key aspects of legislation and codes of practise relating to the role of a teacher. Also by promoting equality, diversity and evaluating a teacher’s responsibility by identifying and meeting the needs of learners. It aims to understand the relationships between teachers and other professionals by analysing barriers, boundaries and reviewing points of referral to meet the needs of learners.Finally to understand a teacher’s responsibility for establishing and maintaining a safe and supportive learning environment and to explain how to promote appropriate behaviour and respect for others. I wish to teach multimedia design in a FE college or sixth form and my assignment will †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ A teacher needs to be aware of current legislation and codes of practise within their place of em ployment. Legislation must be adhered to by law whereas codes of practise are set by professional organisations, such as the Institute Of Learning (IOL) and can be often more specific to the industry. Related article: PTLLS Level 3 Assignments ExamplesThe Equality Act 2010 protects against discrimination and â€Å"bans unfair treatment of people because of protected characteristics they have. † (Home Office, 2012) The nine protected characteristics include: age, sex, disability, sexual orientation, gender re-assignment, marriage & civil partnership, pregnancy & maternity, race and religion or belief. Part 6 Chapter 2 of the act specifically defines legislation in further or higher education. The Equality Act sets out the different ways in which it is unlawful to treat someone, such as direct and indirect discrimination, harassment, victimisation and failing to make a reasonable adjustment for a disabled person. † Disability can be both physically and mentally. â€Å"Approximately 2% of the global population†¦ have intellectual disabilities, making it one of the largest disability populations in the world. † (wear the laces REF) They are amongst the most vu lnerable people in the world as they are â€Å"less likely to become employed, more likely to be victims of abuse and more likely to have poorer health & have trouble finding care. (ibib) In a learning environment, a teacher can ensure students with difficulties are provided with the correct support. A deaf student may require a carer who can use sign language to communicate between teacher and student. They could be positioned at the front of class so they can see visual presentations clearly or to focus and lip-read on the teacher. It is important to maintain a safe working environment in the classroom. Health and safety is the responsibility of both the teacher and the organisation.The Health and Safety at work act 1974 â€Å"is the primary piece of legislation covering occupational health and safety in the United Kingdom. † (hse. gov. uk) In most schools and colleges in the UK, all electrical equipment is subject to an annual Portable Appliance Test (PAT) which ensures t he appliance is safe to use. Teachers may advice students of correct posture when sitting at a computer for long periods and to take a 15 minute break every 2 hours. In art or scientific subjects, the teacher and students might need protective clothing and some students may be allergic to specific substances.Risk assessments must be completed by the teacher. There are limits to what a teacher can do in their position, known as professional boundaries, and it’s important not to cross these limits. A teacher, who may also be a qualified first aider, may feel it’s appropriate to administer first aid to an injured student. However if the teacher is not the designated first aider at the institution they would not be responsible. An exception to this would be if the student requires urgent medical attention, the teacher should use reasonable care until the designated first aider is present.Similarly a teacher may wish to offer counselling advice to a student. A teacher may n ot be qualified to provide this and counselling is not part of a teacher’s remit. The teacher should then refer the student to the designated councillor – the internal point of referral – or provide a contact number for an advice help line, known as an external point of referral. Boundaries are about knowing where a teacher’s role stops to ensure an equal learning experience to all learners. It is important to establish a safe and supportive learning environment.A teacher can achieve this by being a positive role model to their students and to be enthusiastic about their teaching. This should reflect in the student’s attitude and work. A casual approach to lessons will cause students to not pay attention, become disruptive and not turn up to lessons. Gravells suggests that â€Å"learners like routine and will expect you to be organised and professional. † (Gravells, 2008 p. 7) Setting ground rules will help learners know their limits and pro mote appropriate behaviour. Ground rules may include arriving on time, switching off mobile phones and not eating or drinking in class.Drinks in an IT room may spill over electrical equipment posing a health and safety risk. Ground rules give the learner added responsibility. â€Å"Often, if a rule is broken, it is the other learners that reprimand the offender. † (ibib p. 8) Ice-breakers are light-hearted exercises at the beginning of a course to introduce learners to each other, reduce anxiety and helps learners to relax into the course. Team exercises can be used throughout the course to energise learners, maintain focus, motivation and encourage teamwork. They also encourage learners who are more introverted to take an active part of the class. Roles, Responsibilities and Relationships in Lifelong Learning Cleo Peries 17/04/2013 Unit 008 Roles, responsibilities and relationships in lifelong learning. 1. 1 Summarise key aspects of legislation, regulatory requirements and codes of practice relating to own role and responsibilities. As an IT teacher, it is my duty to research and learn about Theories and Principles of Learning. I need to have a full understanding of the psychology of learning. The three main schools are Behaviourist, Cognitivist and Humanist. Current Legislative RequirementsEquality Act 2010 (this includes): †¢ Sex Discrimination Act 1976 †¢ Race Relations Act 1976 †¢ Disability Discrimination Act 1995 †¢ Employment Equality (Religion and Belief) Regulations 2003 †¢ Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003 †¢ Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006 As a teacher I have to abide by certain legal requirements – one being the Equality Act – this means I need to ensure that all the students in my class feel comfor table to be able to express themselves in a place of safety where their views and beliefs are respected by all students.I need to ensure that all the students are treated as individuals whilst being given a fair and equal opportunity to learn.Health and Safety Act at Work Regulations 1999 It is important to ensure Health and Safety Regulations are met – I teach in a class with computers and consequently, to name a few, I need to ensure that there are no leads lying around to cause accidents, chairs can be adjusted to the correct height for desks, sockets are not overloaded, classroom lights are fully operational, and ensure that every hour or so the students look away from the computer screen for at least 5 minutes, taking a break whilst we discuss the exercise at hand.Data Protection Act 1998 I have a duty to respect the Data Protection Act ensuring a student’s rights are kept intact. I cannot pass any information from an individual to a third party without their prio r written consent ensuring confidentiality is protected. 1|P a g e Cleo Peries 17/04/2013 The copyright designs and patents Acts 1998 and 2003 ‘The law gives the creators of literary, dramatic, musical, artistic works, sound recordings, broadcasts, films and typographical arrangement of published editions, rights to control the ways in which their material may be used. UKCCS Fact Sheet Issued April 2000; Last Updated 2009) http://www. copyrightservice. co. uk/copyright/p01_uk_copyright_law (viewed 17/04/2013) I need to ensure that the exercises I set are all my own work – the Copyright Act applies more to me than my students. Children’s Act 2004 (Every Child Matters) The Children’s Act aims to create boundaries to ensure that children feel supported in the learning process.The Act also proves useful in the Adult Learning Sector as some adults may have learning difficulties, dyslexia, or even language barriers that may not be obvious from the start, so in g eneral I need to be more creative in including them without isolating them – I like to teach by example as it has been proven students that struggle find it easier to understand an exercise if I do it first and then watch them as they do it.Students tend to learn quicker from practice than theory, and adults that may be a little more challenged feel included and happier they can contribute at the same level as the rest of the students giving them the confidence to be more receptive in the class. Codes of Practice The Code of Practice was developed by the profession for the profession and it outlines the behaviours expected when any group of people are gathered together – some are listed below: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Integrity Respect Care Practice Disclosure ResponsibilityAs a practice, ensuring the basics are met promotes teamwork as well as professionalism, if I treat others as I would like to be treated the courtesy is generally returned and the more cohesive the team the more can be accomplished in tighter time scales and in a happier environment. 2|P a g e

Thesis Customer Satisfaction

CHAPTER II Review of Related Literature This chapter presents the literature related to this study. This will be conducted with the assessment of related literature to show the relevance of the literature to the study. RELATED LITERATURE Customer satisfaction is the most fundamental requirement for being in business. Therefore, every organization should plan the right strategies for dealing with customers, communicating with them, providing pleasant services and retaining them forever with specially chosen customer contact employees, all leading to their delight.Since most of the quality problems arise due to misunderstood requirements, it is essential to take steps to correctly understand, both the stated and implied requirements of the customers. The organization should not only fulfill the contracted requirements, but also make it appoint to provide unanticipated additional services to delight the customers and retaining them forever. The most important point is that organizations should provide COMFORT to the customers while serving them. Thus, the business should be oriented towards satisfying customers. (Subburaj Ramasamy; TQM-Int’l Edition 2012)Customer satisfaction is the state of mind that customers have about a company when their expectations have been met or exceeded over the lifetime of the product or service. The achievement of customer satisfaction leads to company loyalty and product repurchase. Customer satisfaction measurement must be undertaken with an understanding of the gap between customer expectations and attribute performance perceptions. Clearly defining and understanding customer satisfaction can help any company identify opportunities for product and service innovation and serve as the basis for performance appraisal and reward systems. Kevin Cacioppo; Measuring and Managing Customer Satisfaction) Customer satisfaction has been a popular topic in marketing practice and academic research since Cardozo's (1965) initial study of c ustomer effort, expectations and satisfaction. Despite many attempts to measure and explain customer satisfaction, there still does not appear to be a consensus regarding its definition (Giese and Cote, 2000). Customer satisfaction is typically defined as a post consumption evaluative judgement concerning a specific product or service (Gundersen, Heide and Olsson, 1996).It is the result of an evaluative process that contrasts prepurchase expectations with perceptions of performance during and after the consumption experience (Oliver, 1980). The most widely accepted conceptualization of the customer satisfaction concept is the expectancy disconfirmation theory (Barsky, 1992; Oh and Parks, 1997; McQuitty, Finn and Wiley, 2000). The theory was developed by Oliver (1980), who proposed that satisfaction level is a result of the difference between expected and perceived performance. Satisfaction (positive disconfirmation) occurs when product or service is better than expected.On the other hand, a performance worse than expected results with dissatisfaction (negative disconfirmation). Studies show that customer satisfaction may have direct and indirect impact on business results. Anderson et al. (1994), Yeung et al. (2002), and Luo and Homburg (2007) concluded that customer satisfaction positively affects business profitability. The majority of studies have investigated the relationship with customer behaviour patterns (Soderlund, 1998; Kandampully and Suhartanto, 2000; Dimitriades, 2006; Olorunniwo et al. 2006; Chi and Qu, 2008; Faullant et al. , 2008). According to these findings, customer satisfaction increases customer loyalty, influences repurchase intentions and leads to positive word-of-mouth. Given the vital role of customer satisfaction, it is not surprising that a variety of research has been devoted to investigating the determinants of satisfaction (Churchill and Surprenant, 1982; Oliver, 1980; Barsky, 1995; Zeithaml and Bitner, 2003). Satisfaction can be determined by subjective (e. g. customer needs, emotions) and objective factors (e. . product and service features). Applying to the hospitality industry, there have been numerous studies that examine attributes that travellers may find important regarding customer satisfaction. Atkinson (1988) found out that cleanliness, security, value for money and courtesy of staff determine customer satisfaction. Knutson (1988) revealed that room cleanliness and comfort, convenience of location, prompt service, safety and security, and friendliness of employees are important. Barsky and Labagh (1992) stated that employee attitude, location nd rooms are likely to influence travellers' satisfaction. A study conducted by Akan (1995) showed that the main determinants of hotel guest satisfaction are the behaviour of employees, cleanliness and timeliness. Choi and Chu (2001) concluded that staff quality, room qualities and value are the top three hotel factors that determine travellers' satisfaction. Providing services those customers prefer is a starting point for providing customer satisfaction. A relatively easy way to determine what services customer prefers is simply to ask them.According to Gilbert and Horsnell (1998), and Su (2004), guest comment cards (GCCs) are most commonly used for determining hotel guest satisfaction. GCCs are usually distributed in hotel rooms, at the reception desk or in some other visible place. However, studies reveal that numerous hotel chains use guest satisfaction evaluating methods based on inadequate practices to make important and complex managerial decisions (Barsky, 1992; Barsky and Huxley, 1992; Jones and Ioannou, 1993, Gilbert and Horsnell, 1998; Su, 2004).The most commonly made faults can be divided into three main areas, namely, quality of the sample, design of the GCCs, and data collection and analysis (Gilbert and Horsnell, 1998). In order to improve the validity of hotel guest satisfaction measurement practice, Barsky and Huxley ( 1992) proposed a new sampling procedure that is a „quality sampleâ€Å". It reduces nonresponse bias by offering incentives for completing the questionnaires. The components of their questionnaire are based on disconfirmation paradigm and expectancy-value theory.In this manner, guests can indicate whether service was above or below their expectations and whether they considered a particular service important or not. Furthermore, Gilbert and Horsnell (1998) developed a list of criteria for GCC content analysis, which is adopted in this study as well. Schall (2003) discusses the issues of question clarity, scaling, validity, survey timing, question order and sample size. Customers’ requirements for satisfaction are difficult to comprehend. They have different preference when it comes to availing services from providers.Same with hospitality industry – for establishments like Bayleaf hotel of Intramuros there’s a lot of effort to make, creative thinking and strategy to stay in the competition. To be the only hotel in Intramuros, a great expectation among visitors is always present. Unless an organization evolves specific methods for measuring customer satisfaction and quantify the results, it may be difficult to say whether the customers are satisfied or not; whether customer satisfaction is improving or not it also vey essentials to measure customer satisfaction so as to stay ahead of competition.Each business unit has to conduct its business in such a way that it is able to achieve more customer satisfaction than its competitors at all times. Therefore, to face and win the competition, every organization should continue to improve their products and services and attain higher levels of customer satisfaction. Regarding on customer satisfaction, the following statement could indicate that the establishment has a lot of services to offer. Statement of the experienced customers will prove that Bayleaf Hotel can stand in a competition as a boutique hotel yet can provide 5-star experience to its valued customers.According to Dr. Deo Baraan the owner of the website (thegrandeurtraveler. com) â€Å"If you are looking for a new hotel that will show you Manila's rich history, lost magic and inimitable views, nothing would be more perfect than the Bayleaf Hotel. † In addition to what he says, â€Å"Everyone can now have a taste of an upscale accommodation in the heart of Manila's historic district†. When it comes to money issues, Vic Nair of Kuala Lumpur (tripadvisory. com) stated â€Å"Bayleaf is a great hotel with value for money.Excellent service from their young staff members. † Another statement that we got from redheelsinthecity (tripadvisory. com) â€Å"Manila, in general, is a busy, polluted and messy city. Finding a place like this is close to impossible. 9 spoons restaurant has the best food and ambiance. However what I love about the place is the Sky Deck View Bar. Especially on a cold nig ht, having a beer absolutely scratches your stress away. Not to mention you get even more amazed by the view around, very conducive for unwinding.The place can immensely cater a good service especially for occasions. Most of all, it stands in the heart of the old city called Intramuros, which I think is the best location in manila. Service of the staff and management is impeccably wonderful and impressive. â€Å" It is certainly not easy, at least to start with, to compute indices for customer satisfaction. It requires innovative people, a determined management and additional efforts by the organization for this purpose. This will pay for more than itself in the ultimate analysis.Therefore, the chief executive of the organization should be committed and persuasive in measuring customer satisfaction in the interest of the organization and provide resources for this task. A feedback or a complaint criticizing the organization should be taken as a blessing in disguise and in the right spirit. If there is no direct feedback or complaint, then the organization should look for other ways for finding out the same, since feedback is one of the most important triggers for improvement.If complaints are made, the organization should seriously make efforts to see that the complaints are result to the satisfaction of the customers. (Subburaj Ramasamy; 2012) According to Ms. Glenda G. one of the experienced customer of the Bayleaf Hotel â€Å"We booked ; paid the rooms 6 months ago ; requested a queen beds but we got 2 twin separate beds, it's also a terrible service at the roof top restaurant they're so slow in accommodating. We even said give us a wash cloth will clean the tables† Another experienced customer (tripadvisory. om) WWWorkes of Vilnius state that â€Å"All in all, this is a clean, comfortable hotel in a great location – but don't expect to be able to spend any amount of time relaxing in it – it has little to offer and generally doesn't m eet its potential† VIP on Bangkok also commented on the website regarding in his experience on the hotel – â€Å"I like its surrounding and location, but ventilation need improvement to get rid of damp smell in the room. Towels smell too strong chemical† Every complaint should lead to determine efforts by the organization to make improvements so as the result in non-reoccurrence of such complaints in the future.In short, the service provider should have a system to solicit feedbacks and complaints, deal with them dispassionately, rectify the defects immediately, compensate where not possible to rectify and analyze such mistakes to find out measures for their non- reoccurrence and implement the measures strictly. The above is also known as complaint recovery process. Every organization should have a well-defined process and procedure for getting feedback and receiving complaints from the customers and use every complaint as an instrument for improvements. SYNTHESI SChapter 2 is about the review of related literature; it is about the purpose of the review to analyze critically a segment of a published book of knowledge through summary, classification and comparison of prior research studies, reviews of literature, and theoretical articles. We have the foreign and local literature. In foreign literature we based on the research book. What we had is the article of Subburaj Ramasamy, Kevin Cacioppo, Cardozo's (1965), Giese and Cote, (2000), Gundersen, Heide and Olsson, (1996), Oliver, (1980), Anderson et al. (1994), Yeung et al. 2002), and Luo and Homburg (2007), Barsky, 1992; Oh and Parks, 1997; McQuitty, Finn and Wiley, 2000, Soderlund, 1998; Kandampully and Suhartanto, 2000; Dimitriades, 2006; Olorunniwo et al. , 2006; Chi and Qu, 2008; Faullant et al. , 2008, Churchill and Surprenant, 1982; Oliver, 1980; Barsky, 1995; Zeithaml and Bitner, 2003), Atkinson (1988), Knutson (1988), Barsky and Labagh (1992), Akan (1995), Choi and Chu (2001),Gilber t and Horsnell (1998), and Su (2004), and those books associates some knowledge and ideas regarding customer satisfaction and hospitality industry.For instance we also got statements from foreign customers who had an experience in staying at Bayleaf Hotel namely; Redheelsinthecity, WWWorkers, and VIP on Bangkok. For local literature we have Ms. Glenda G. and Dr. Deo Baraan, who experienced Bayleaf Hotel as well. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to analyze critically a segment of a published body of knowledge through these articles. INPUT: Bayleaf Hotel, Intramuros as the focus of the study and as a new hotel caters to satisfy tourists within and outside Intramuros.CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK PROCESS: * Surveying through questionaires * Interview OUTPUT: Determine the level of customer satisfaction in Bayleaf Hotel and competitiveness of the establishment. The conceptual framework above shows that the input in Bayleaf Hotel, Intramuros as the focus of the study and as a new hotel ca ters to satisfy tourists within and outside Intramuros. The process of the study is done by giving survey through questionnaire and conducting interview to determine the level of customer satisfaction and competitiveness of Bayleaf Hotel.

Essay about Steve Jobs Biography Summary - 7096 Words

Chapter 1: Childhood: Abandoned and Chosen Steve Jobs was the natural-born son of John Jandali and Joanne Schieble. Jandali was a teaching assistant from Syria and Joanne was a Catholic girl from Wisconsin whose parents disapproved of her relationship with a Muslim. Unable to wed, they gave their baby up for adoption and baby Steve was adopted by Paul and Clara Jobs of San Francisco, California. Paul Jobs was an engine technician turned car mechanic, and he introduced Steve to the world of engineering and design, instilling in him many of the principles of good design that are so characteristic of Apple products. Still, Jobs struggled at times with the circumstances surrounding his birth, and he expressed mixed emotions about both†¦show more content†¦One engineer complained, â€Å"This guy’s a goddamn hippie with b.o. Why did you do this to me? And he’s impossible to deal with.† Jobs temporarily left Atari to visit India and pursue his interest in Eastern spirituality. Although he initially sought out a few notable spiritual gurus, he eventually turned inward and sought simplicity and deprivation, although he never found the spiritual calm he was looking for. Still, he was deeply affected by this experience and developed an understanding of the importance of intuition in Indian culture. When he returned to Atari, Bushnell challenged Jobs to design a one-player version of the game pong, and offered an additional bonus for designing the game with fewer computer chips. Jobs recruited Wozniak to design the game and proposed they split the fee. Wozniak finished the design in four days, and Bushnell paid Jobs. There is some controversy regarding this story, as some accounts suggest Jobs kept the additional bonus for himself, never telling Wozniak about the bonus money. 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Factors That Influence Online Customer Buyer Behaviour Research Proposal

Essays on Factors That Influence Online Customer Buyer Behaviour Research Proposal The paper â€Å"Factors That Influence Online Customer Buyer Behaviour† is an affecting variant of research proposal on marketing. Online shopping is a process where consumers buy goods and services directly from the seller in real-time. It occurs in most instances in the absence of intermediary services over the Internet. It is basically a form of electronic commerce. An online shop enables consumers to purchase goods without having to travel in person to the shopping centers. The process is also known as Business-to-consumer that is (B2C) online shopping. The purchasing of goods between two business entities is referred to as Business-to-Business (B2B) online shopping. In recent years, shopping has become popular and has increased its services to cater for the people in the upper class as well as those in the lower class (Pride et al 2009, 16). For one to use this service, they need to have a bank account, a debit card and a computer or access to one. This shows that shoppin g is because of technology.The online shopping’s effects widened its target group to the people in the middle-class level as at first it was mainly used by young men with university education and high-income level. This change can be seen worldwide especially in the USA whereby during the early years of the Internet there were exceedingly few women users but by the year 2001; the women were 52.8% of the population that was online. The consumers find the products that they are interested in by directly visiting a retailer’s website or by doing a search across many vendors using software by the name shopping search engine. This helps the consumer to accumulate as many goods as possible and chose from them (Canzer, 2006, 25).The next step is a check out process that follows in which the delivery and the payment information are usually collected if it is needed. The shoppers using the online method commonly use the credit card when making their payments but others just cre ate accounts and are able to pay the goods and services using alternative ways like cash on delivery. Once the payments are done, the retailer transports the goods to the consumer and if they are downloadable, the consumer does so in his or her own computer (Tashakkori, 2003, 42).Consumer Buyer BehaviourAccording to the most recent research on the behaviors of consumers on the Internet, there are four groups, which are distinct from one another and with exceptionally different motivations and intentions. Some of the different tastes that are displayed by the buyers are entertainment; the desire to get more information, desire for exploration and shopping purposes. The majority of adults who are young tend to be active seekers of information and the high level they acquire of technological confidence becomes an encouraging factor during the research of products online. The consumers are nowadays able to get easily what they want and this has improved the living standards of the consu mers (Kotler Armstrong, 2008, 69).The Internet has also increased the consumers' bargaining powers as most of the search engines allow consumers to get in touch with many retailers who deal with a specific type of goods. This gives the consumers opportunities to decide on where to shop, as the retailers have no control over the consumers (Banerjee, 1992, 69). The consumers also learn how to trust people. This happens because of the purchasing of goods from places that a consumer does not even know and yet trusts the people he or she has not seen. This behavior is developed by consumers due to online shopping (Tashakkoori, 2003, 27).

The Nuiances of Good Compare Contrast Essay Topics

The Nuiances of Good Compare Contrast Essay Topics You'll tackle various issues and explain many situations as you attempt to discover the appropriate answer. If you select a challenging essay topic for a specific reason, or when you have zero choice and thegiven topic doesn't interest you much, do take the support of Professional Advisers. First you discuss the very first subject. The toughest role in answering a question for college composition is when it's indirect. You must present your topic, clearly, and also your thesis statement that has the function of indicating to your readers what is the probable path of the whole work. You see that it's an unusual topic that might be quite hard to imagine or explain, but some students might just turn that topic into a masterpiece. The very first thing you ought to do is identify the kind of compare and contrast essay which you're handling. The easiest method is obviously the 2 columns we all very first learned. By doing this you will be in a position to work out what kind of topic you can join with. You should choose the kind of topic you may feel passionate about. Choosing the appropriate topics might take a while in case you don't have a list of sample topics facing you. Since you may see, the topics are broken up into multiple categories so it would be simpler that you select one. So now you are aware of how to select the best compare and contrast topics and the various segments which you need to address when writing. The topics you'll find here require a distinctive approach as you attempt to produce useful and accurate content. The Foolproof Good Compare Contrast Essay Topics Strategy For instance, you might think of similarities or differences if we are purchasing a new MP3 player or picking a place to study English. At the same time that you may be someone who can begin an essay off of the surface of your head free of problem, a lot of people discover that it's simpler to sit down and write out an outline before beginning. Once you have sorted out things, hit books hunting for relevant details. Now look at the 2 lists you have ma de. As a college student, you should give yourself the opportunity to experience all compare and contrast essay ideas. There is no correct way to start organizing your paper, it's up to your own discretion. We specializing in providing you with the customized essay that you demand. The goal isn't simply to receive your GED, yet to move beyond. Good Compare Contrast Essay Topics Features Though both are compelling in various ways, they hold more similarities than you can realize. In a lot of the scenarios, you ought to search for items to compare that have some differences but similarities too. It's going to be quite easy to discover the differences but the similarities are a lot more difficult to find. It's just as important to spot the differences between the two things which you're comparing. Details of Good Compare Contrast Essay Topics The vital reason many writers fail is they don't go further. For example an individual may pick a topic like, life in the shoes of a werewolf. Enough practice in reading and writing will supply you with an additional advantage. You may discuss a feeling of taste and the book of your favourite author. Getting the Best Good Compare Contrast Essay Topics Then identify which type of essay you need compose. From the outline, you may now begin writing your essay. If so, you're in for writing a great essay. Every excellent essay starts with a good brainstorm. A comparison essay is among them. Writing a great essay might be a bit of cake if you are feeling inspired. Choice of the essay topic is important portion of your efforts to compose a fantastic essay. If the subject of your essay appears to be boring and repetitive then you won't ever have the ability to engage your audience. The Foolproof Good Compare Contrast Essay Topics Strategy If you are going to write a comparative essay, you want to get a notion of the impacts of distinct aspects to the result which you might get at the conclusion of the writing activity. Global issues with respect to a bigger scale of things have their own topics and often are merely a microcosm of individual issues that aren't being addressed individually. If you think about a strong topic but it doesn't offer enough space for comparison then your efforts are going to be in vain. You're given the freedom to not just pick compare and contrast topics by yourself, but you need the freedom to opt for th e side of your support along with how to contrast it. Students may typically understand the structure with only a short quantity of instruction. They learn to analyze information about two different subjects. In the span of obtaining an education, they have to deal with different tasks and overcome various challenges of different complexity. Students who excel in writing about such complex topic might have an opportunity to be enrolled into a number of the very best Art universities to come up with their abilities and talent.

Revenues of Inferior Goods Producer

Question: Discusss about the How Revenues of Inferior Goods Producers are Expected to be Affected by Economic Recessions and Expansions. Answer: Introduction: As argued by Kubler, Selden Wei (2013), when the income of the person rises, the demand for the normal good increases, whereas, the demand for the inferior good decreases. In specifically, when people have more money, they avoid consuming the inferior good. Thus, the less consumption of inferior good indicates not only the reason of poor quality but also the affordability. However, during the recession period, people want to consume less, and they choose inferior good instead of normal good (Dziadkiewicz, Pisani Wong, 2015). In this research essay, the impact of the recession on normal and inferior good has been analyzed. Apart from this, the condition and impact of revenue regarding inferior good by economic depression and expansion have also been critically evaluated. In this perspective, the relation of the income elasticity of demand with the recession has been briefly stated. Discussion: According to Chen, Peng Hung (2015), the income elasticity of demand (em) can be defined as the percentage change in quantity demanded in respect to the percentage change in income. In the case of normal good, higher income raises the quantity demanded, and the income elasticity is positive (em 0). On the contrary, for inferior good, higher income lowers the quantity demanded (Mark, Southam, Bulla Meza, 2016). When the income of a consumer rises, the person is more likely to take a taxi or car ride rather than a bus ride. Now, the bus ride is inferior to him. As a result, the income elasticity of demand is negative for inferior good (em 0). Figure 1: Income elasticity of demand for inferior good Source: (As created by author) According to this figure, to the right of the point G, X is an inferior good to the consumer as em 0 in this case. On the contrary, the situation has reversed during the period of recession. In the words of (Schild, Fricke Neugebauer, 2013), during the recession period, the incomes of the people fall, and as a result, the people want to consume less to save money. Thus, most of the people choose inferior good instead of normal good. In this meanwhile, people want to substitute the expensive goods to cheaper goods for decreasing their consumption level (Dziadkiewicz, Pisani Wong, 2015). Moreover, when the economy faces the depression or recession period, the income of the people falls, and the people have a smaller amount of money for consumption purpose. As a result, for the normal good, a recession of the economy shifts the demand curved towards the left (Allgrunn Weinandt, 2016). Figure 2: Shift of the demand curve for normal good Source: (As created by author) However, for the inferior good, a depression in the economy shifts the demand curve upwards. This situation indicates the fact that people want to buy more inferior good instead of normal good. In addition, they substitute the most expensive good to the less expensive one (Kubler, Selden Wei, 2013). Figure 3: Shift of the demand curve for an inferior good Source: (As created by author) On the other hand, as per the view of Dziadkiewicz, Pisani Wong (2015), during the period of economic recession, people receive a lower amount of money as well as income. As a result, total revenue increases in the economy. On the contrary, when economic expansion presents in the economy, people receive a higher amount of money (Chen, Peng Hung, 2015). This situation leads to the decrease in total revenue in the economy. In this perspective, it can be notified that though the recession is bad for the economy, it has a positive effect. As opined by Mark, Southam, Bulla Meza (2016), during the recession period, the natural tendency of the people is to save more money which leads to the situation of economic growth. Moreover, this positive tendency lowers the amount of debt and the debt seeking attitude is also minimized from the mind of the people. In addition, more money is available in the economy which can be used for the investment purpose. It indicates the fact that the banks have a huge amount of money which they invest for boost up the economy (Schild, Fricke Neugebauer, 2013). Thus, the revenue of the economy goes up in the recession period. On the other hand, the contradictory nature is seen during the expansion period of the economy. In the words of Allgrunn Weinandt (2016), when the expansion period exists in the economy, people want to spend more amount of money instead of saving. As a result, less amount of money is available to the banks for investment purpose. This situation leads to the lower amount of revenue in the economy. Moreover, in this perspective, it can be deduced that inferior good can be able to raise the amount of revenue during the recession period (Mark, Southam, Bulla Meza, 2016). In the context of food item which is a necessary good, the income elasticity is less than one. It is also an inferior good. Thus, during the recession period, the demand for restaurant services decreases which is a normal good whereas, demand for grocery stores increases which is an example of an inferior good. By the same logic, Wal-Mart is an inferior good and Target is normal. Conclusion: By the above critical analysis of the impact of the recession on the economy, it can be concluded that inferior good is more effective to raise the amount of revenue to compare to normal good. In the recession period, people want to consume more amounts of inferior good and less of a normal good. Moreover, the income elasticity of demand is also negative for the inferior good. However, it has a positive effect on the economy during the recession period. In this perspective, people prefer to choose less expensive or inferior good and save a huge amount of money. As a result, banks have a lot of money which are used for the investment purpose. This situation boosts up the economy which leads to the economic growth of the country. On the other hand, during the period of economic expansion, people want to spend more which leads to reduction in the amount of revenue. References Allgrunn, M., Weinandt, M. (2016). Is Shopping at Walmart an Inferior Good? Evidence from 1997-2010.The Journal of Applied Business and Economics,18(1), 77. Chen, A., Peng, N., Hung, K. P. (2015). The effects of luxury restaurant environments on diners emotions and loyalty: Incorporating diner expectations into an extended Mehrabian-Russell model.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,27(2), 236-260. Dziadkiewicz, J., Pisani, A., Wong, R. (2015). Does a Recession have an Impact on Alcohol Consumption?.Deakin Papers on International Business Economics,8(1). Kubler, F., Selden, L., Wei, X. (2013). Inferior good and Giffen behavior for investing and borrowing.The American Economic Review,103(2), 1034-1053. Mark, T., Southam, C., Bulla, J., Meza, S. (2016). Cross-category indulgence: Why do some premium brands grow during recession?.Journal of Brand Management,23(5), 114-129. Schild, A. M., Fricke, J., Neugebauer, A. (2013). Inferior rectus muscle recession as a treatment for vertical diplopia following cataract extraction.Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology,251(1), 189-194.