Spectrophotometry Essay Example for Free

Spectrophotometry Essay Potassium permanganate (KMnO_4) is commonly used as an oxidizing agent and in this experiment, it is used as both the titrant and indicator. A standard of potassium permanganate solution was prepared and computed to be 0. 02235 M and was used to titrate a sulfuric acid solution wherein the sample salt was dissolved. The solution was heated to 90Â °C then titrated until a light pink colored solution was obtained. The experiment focused on determining the percentage of Sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4) in the sample and at the end of the experiment it was found to contain 49. 45%. Experiment 9 focuses on determining the different concentrations of potassium permanganate solutions by finding its absorbance through the use of spectrophotometer. Four known concentrations were prepared; 2. 5 x ? 10? ^(-3) M, 6. 25 x ? 10? ^(-4) M, 1. 25 x ? 10? ^(-4) M, 6. 25 x ? 10? ^(-4) M. The solutions were placed on the spectrophotometer to determine absorbance together with the unknown. Distilled water was placed before each trial to ensure the accuracy of results. Determining the concentration of the unknown sample was done by drawing a graph of the concentration against the absorbance and was found to be Introduction Spectrophotometry is a method to measure how much a chemical substance absorbs light by measuring the intensity of light as a beam of light passes through sample solution. The basic principle is that each compound absorbs or transmits light over a certain range of wavelength. This measurement can also be used to measure the amount of a known chemical substance. Spectrophotometry is one of the most useful methods of quantitative analysis in various fields such as chemistry, physics, biochemistry, material and chemical engineering and clinical applications. A spectrophotometer is an instrument that measures the amount of photons (the intensity of light) absorbed after it passes through sample solution. With the spectrophotometer, the amount of a known chemical substance (concentrations) can also be determined by measuring the intensity of light detected.

Effect of the Internet on Global Cultures

Effect of the Internet on Global Cultures How has the spread of communications technology affected cultures around the world? Assess the extent to which the internet is a medium for western culture alone. Communications technology includes all electronic systems, such as telephones, telex, fax, radio, television, video, the internet and email that individuals and groups use to communicate with each other (BNET Business Directory, 2010). Culture involves a set of shared values, attitudes and beliefs. Cultures vary widely throughout the world, not just between countries but also within countries. Additionally, each broad culture contains ‘sub-cultures and these can include different religions or racial groups, as well as groups of people who simply share the same values, attitudes and beliefs such as in ‘youth sub culture. There is no doubt that modern-day, communications technology, and the consequent globalisation of the mass media, is helping to break down traditional cultural boundaries and creating what is commonly referred to as a ‘global culture. A global culture involves the spread of popular cultural icons, which often dilute or ride roughshod over local cultures threatening the vast cultural diversity in the world. A positive consequence of the inexorable advance of communications technology is that people around the world can become aware of, and share in, each others culture thus encouraging diversity and discouraging intolerance. Indeed, Nobel laureate Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clezio believes that if the communications technology in place today had existed at the time of Hitlers rise to power then his criminal plot may have been buried under the weight of worldwide, public ridicule and intolerance (Cooper A, 2009). A negative consequence of ‘globalisation is that Western, and predominantly American, culture has gradually imposed itself around the world, usually to the detriment of long-established, indigenous cultures. Jan Aart Scholte (2002), of Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation at the University of Warwick goes further by suggesting that creeping globalisation is creating a consumer-centred, single world culture that is focussed on all things American and the English language. Also, for those analysts who are opposed to globalisation, this type of global culture is accused of slowly killing diversity and tolerance as well as eradicating traditional ways of life. The internet is now in the forefront of this worldwide infiltration of culture by communications technology with nearly 7 billion people, 26% of the worlds population, having access to this medium (internetworldstats.com, 2010). The use of personal computers is a phenomenon that has its roots in Western culture with its inherent concepts of democracy and the freedom of communication between individuals although it has often appeared that communications technology has been largely responsible for the destruction of cultural values of all kinds, and not just those in the West (Barton D.T. et al, 2009). The internet, and in particular Social Networking Sites (SNS), are becoming increasingly popular. The Facebook SNS, for example, has over 350 million members worldwide (Facebook, 2009) and the market research company, Nielsen Online, reported in March 2009 that the Twitter social networking site had increased its membership by an astonishing 1,689% from February 2008 to February 2009 (Whitworth, D. 2009). However, despite growth in Asia, the usage of such sites still remains largely in the Western world and predominantly in America (techcrunchies.com, 2009). Also, although penetration of the internet generally is far greater in Western cultures than elsewhere, the actual number of internet users is higher, at 51% of all users worldwide, in non Western cultures. Indeed, the highest per centage of users, 42.6% (738.2 million individuals), is concentrated in Asia (internetworldstats.com, 2010). In conclusion, it can be seen that the spread of communications technology has affected cultures around the world with particular concerns over the proliferation of western style culture at the expense of other ways of life. However, not all of the cultural outcomes have been negative as evidenced by the positive impact of communications technology on cultural diversity and tolerance. Also, the perception that the internet is a medium for Western culture is true in terms of penetration but not in terms of the numbers of actual users. In addition, the misconception that the global dissemination of information can be controlled, and thereby the impact of communications technology on cultures could, if desired, be mitigated is a mistaken one in the view of globalisation gurus David Held and Andrew McGrew: ‘Many national controls over information have become ineffective. People everywhere are exposed to the values of other cultures as never before (Held and McGrew, 2003. Page 17). Reference List Barton D.T., Pope, J.W., and Stratton, J., 2009. ‘Computers, Telecommunications and Western Culture. . Accessed 13.02.10. BNET Business Directory, 2010. ‘Definition for: Communication Technology. . Accessed 13.02.10 Cooper A, 2009. ‘The Role of Technology in Promoting Tolerance. . Accessed 13.02.10 Facebook, 2009. . Accessed 13.02.10 Held, D. and McGrew, A., 2003. ‘The global transformations reader: an introduction to the globalization debate. Polity Press, Cambridge, Page 17. internetworldstats.com, 2010. ‘World Internet Users and Population Stats. . Accessed 13.02.10 Scholte, J. A., 2002. ‘Globalization – A Critical Introduction, Macmillan Press Limited, London. Page 23. techcrunchies.com, 2009. ‘Reach of Social Networks among Internet Users in Asia Pacific. . Accessed 13.02.10 Whitworth, D. 2009. BBC Newsbeat website. ‘Twitter growth explodes in a year. . Accessed 13.02.10

The Latest Treatment for Migraines :: Health Medical Headaches Essays

The Latest Treatment for Migraines Headaches are among the most common health complaints today. According to the National Headache Foundation in Chicago, 45 million Americans suffer from recurring headaches—16 to 18 million of which are migraines (1). Migraines are vascular headaches because they involve the swelling of the brain's blood vessels (2). The occurrence of migraine headaches, contrary to popular belief, is a disease. If you suffer from migraines you might be used to people comparing your migraine to a headache or trying to blame these "headaches" on you and your lifestyle. However, migraines are caused by the expansion of blood vessels whereas regular headaches area caused by the constriction of blood vessels. Although certain things such as harsh lighting, movement, or chocolate may trigger a migraine, the actual cause of this vessel swelling is unknown and may vary from person to person. Currently, there is no cure for migraine (3). One theory as to the cause of migraines lies in excitement of the nervous system caused by stress, anxiety, or some unknown (4). A more recent form of treatment known as neurobiofeedback actually works by allowing patients to train their brains to function at a more relaxed mental state. The success of this treatment may indicate that increased neuron activity is one of the more common causes of migraines. Neurobiofeedback has been identified as successful for migraines precipitated by PMS, food allergies, or stress. It is not clear exactly how food allergies are related to increased nerve activity. Stress, however, regardless of the type, seems to be strongly correlated with migraines as it will determine the severity of the headache. Neurobiofeedback goes to the root of this problem and, as a result, is one of the more preferred methods of treatment (5). Biofeedback, in general, is a technique in which the body's responses to specific stimuli are measured in order to give patients knowledge about how they physically react to various events. In the case of headaches, patients can condition their mind or body to react differently to pre-headache symptoms and prevent a headache from occurring (1). Neurobio or electroencephalogram (EEG) feedback, specifically, measures brain wave activity and feeds back to a patient their own brain wave patterns so that they can modify these patterns through game-like computer simulations (6). Why does this work? Brain waves are recordings of electrical changes in the brain.

Alcoholism at home Essay -- essays research papers

Children who grow up In families In which parents abuse alcohol live in fear, suffer and “learn'; behavior that inhibit their future lives. Many parents are worried of what is happening with children, who face the fact of excessive drinking of alcohol. Parents from alcoholic families, but those who don’t drink are afraid that their children will inherit the addiction. Some parents are fearful of the destructive possibility and braking up of the family; others think that children don’t see anything. Many, because of children, consider what will be better for the child and when it will have claims: when the parents will divorce or when the family will tolerate the person who drinks. Some of these apprehensions have real reasons, other don’t. Against some opinion children from pathological families don’t have to be bad students (often times they are the best), they don’t have to succeed less than their friends from “normal'; families, they don’t have to be wobbly (many of them are active and pugnacious, and also resourceful and responsible). However, in this theory, there are theories and truths really important that we shouldn’t ignore, but we should get to know them and think of them. Children from alcoholic families experience everything more than their friends. They suffer more tense, anxiety, confusion and loneliness. These feelings favor the creation of defensive attitude. Alcoholism is more than just drinking alcohol. It is a long-drawn illness, caused by immoderate drinking, thinking about alcohol and losing control of consuming it. Even though many experts think that we can’t fight against alcoholism, we can limit it and get to abstinence. In some ways it is similar to a diabetic person. He can’t really win with the illness, but he can cooperate with his organism and avoid eating food that contains sugar. Similarly, an alcoholic person can’t realistically change the reaction of alcohol on his organism, but he can “meet'; his illness by putting away the alcohol. But it’s always easier to say than to do. An alcoholic person pretends that everything is fine, for example he says: “I’m not that bad';, “I drink because of my family';, “Who would not drink if he had such a boss a... ...r laden with toys, who takes his children for a walk is a good person in oppose to always tired and grouchy mother. But it’s about an alcoholic in the earliest stage of drinking – the more alcohol, the less spent time with children. Control and carry-over is tied with behavior of the parent who doesn’t drink, but who tries to control life of the whole family. It comes off from the sense of responsibility of a parent. Also fear controls everything. There is no doubt that in alcoholic families children are the ones who suffer the most. The situation that occurs in a dysfunctional family forces them to play different roles. These are very different ways of reacting to the world that comes off defensive manners against threat that comes from pathological family with alcoholic problem. No homeliness and support impede proper psychological development. Often the child thinks that the alcoholism and fights at home are the child’s fault. Self accusation helps them to control the situation. But in reality neither child, nor an adult can make adults become addicted to something (in this case alcohol), help them to stop drinking or cure the alcoholism.

The Naturalist Ideas Essay -- Literary Analysis, Societal Structures

Important aspects of naturalism are the ideas that people are essentially animals responding to their basic urges without rational thought, and the insignificance of man to others and nature. In The Jungle, Sinclair portrays Jurgis as a man slowly changing into animal as well as a man whose actions are irrelevant to the rest of the corrupt capitalist world of Chicago in order to show the reader the naturalist ideas of the struggles between man and society. Jurgis's struggle between human thought and animalistic tendencies are evident in several major events in the book. In the beginning of Jurgis's life in Chicago, he can disregard most of the obstacles thrown at him by the corruption of man and keep his rational thinking dominant of his animal-like instincts. However, when Jurgis finds out that Connor has violated, harassed, threatened, and raped his wife Ona, he reached his breaking point. Jurgis was so overwhelmed with rage, he reverted back to his primal instincts and "sunk his teeth into the man's cheek" (153). We again see Jurgis "animal instincts" when he escapes from the city and lives in the countryside from a while. He has given up on being rational and has resorted to use his survival instincts like stealing and scavenging to survive. Sinclair shows us how these instincts will not help us survive in the end. Whenever Jurgis behaves like an animal, he is punished in some kind of way like an animal. When he attacks Co nnor, he is sent to prison and when he is in the rural area, he does not get any money to help him survive. Moreover, Jurgis does everything he can to help his family and himself survive, but regardless of his actions, the corrupt society plows through him without remorse or regret. Jurgis's op... ...te the flawed example of muckraking by The Jungle, the main reason for the use of muckraking was and still is an effective way of revealing the corruption of politics and businesses. Although The Jungle may not have served Sinclair purposes for social reform, it brought reform to the way food is handled. Without the enlightening view of the meat-packing business, even if false, the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act may never have been created. We still see examples of muckraking today from Morgan Spurlock's Super Size Me to magazines like People, Time, Cosmopolitan, and National Geographic. Muckraking is one of the few ways that the average person can find out about information quickly and easily. In certain cases, it even connects the nations together in order to fight a common enemy, whether it is political, social, natural, or supernatural.

John Steinbeck’s Novella Of Mice and Men

Most people are familiar with the phrase â€Å"it's too good to be true†, dreams coming true is an example of this common misconception. In John Steinbeck's novella Of Mice and Men, he uses numerous applications of juxtaposition, symbolism, foreshadowing, and other literary devices to prove dreams are unlikely to always come true because even the best plans can fail. Steinbeck highlights numerous dream failures between different people through various applications of juxtaposition. In Chapter 5, Lennie talks about the dreams he hopes to achieve with George while Curley's wife talks about her theatrical aspirations. According to Curley's wife â€Å"I could go with that show. But my ‘old lady wouldn't let me if [I would have gone] I wouldn't be living like this, you bet† (86). Lennie replies, â€Å"We gonna have a little place-an' rabbits† (86). Lennie's and Curley's wife's dreams, lets the audience to see the similarities and foreshadows that Lennie and George dreaming of getting their place with the rabbits and Curley's Wife dreaming of becoming an actress would be done in vain. Chapter 5 highlights the struggle that Lennie experiences both emotionally and mentally he has a hard time controlling his strength throughout the novella. â€Å"I don't want to hurt you, but George will be mad if you yell. I've done a bad thing. I've done a very bad thing† (91). Lennie never intentionally tried to kill anyone, but he cannot control his strength. This leads to shattering his peace of mind, which soon can also shatter his dream of getting his own place with George. Steinbeck uses numerous applications of symbolism to represent rather than saying how and why dreams can fail. Chapter 1 reveals Lennie's dream is to gets a farm with rabbits, which helps reveal Lennie's innocence through indirect characterization. â€Å"isn't fit to lick the boots of no rabbit. You'd forget 'em and let 'em go hungry† (6). It seems that Lennie likes the rabbits, but unfortunately his strong affection will soon lead to his tragic downfall. The soft animals then symbolize innocence and its elimination in cruel world. The dead mouse in Lennie's pocket symbolizes his love and strength and foreshadows the fate of Curley's wife, Lennie's puppy, George and Lennie's dream and Lennie. â€Å"Jus' a dead mouse, George. I didn't kill it. Honest! I found it. I found it dead† (3). Mice represent a fantasy for Lennie. The title is a good hint that mice are significant in this situation, but the first mouse that we encounter is a dead one which foreshadows the future fate of George and Lennie's dream. Steinbeck uses numerous applications of foreshadowing to get the audience to visualize and predict future events pertaining to George's and Lennie's dream becoming a reality. â€Å"Just wanted to pet that girl's dress-just wanted to pet it like it was a mouse† (11). This situation reveals Lennie likes to feel soft objects, no matter what it is-doesn't realize if it's wrong or right. This foreshadows Lennie's death through examples of his innocence can lead to his unfortunate downfall because he doesn't understand the effects of his actions or learns from his mistakes. Likewise, Lennie's innocence can lead to the unfortunate downfall of his dream with George. Lennie says, â€Å"I never meant [any] harm† (32) later in the novella. Lennie never means any harm in anything he does which shows he will have trouble in the future, he did not mean to get in, the death of his pup and Curley's wife for example. John Steinbeck exemplifies the fact that even dreams planed out in advance can still fail. Dreams are always visions of what people want and to make those dreams reality one must work hard and do what it takes to accomplish what they want.

Study on Nutrition for students with disabilities

Teaching character and value instruction is cardinal in constructing a moral society. The Learning ‘s instructional designs allows the trainer intermittently reinforce the behaviour in category by giving the kids proper accomplishments. The learning instructions design and rating covers the development facets of kids for accomplishment development in assorted degrees of category behaviour descriptions and activities. The instructional doctrine and design provides the rating of success as we steer all the pupils to success non merely in faculty members but besides in other life activities. The lesson clearly outlines the importance of rectifying kids behaviours which is a distraction and clip cachexia of our childhoods. In this lesson, we will look at the following countries of learning program: The activities for teaching and steering pupils with acquisition and behaviour jobs and the instructors ‘ perceptual experiences. The kids support in constructing their principal and their collegial interactions The value of their success in the instructions Teacher ‘s efficiency is a chief success in teaching mainstreamed exceeding behavioural pupils. The efficiency affects the collegial interactions on the pupils with behavioural and learning disablements. Teaching peculiar character traits enhances the development of the pupil ‘s character. These character traits include ; Self control and duty Team work and coaction Appreciation and regard of the diverseness which involves exchange plans and the linguistic communication arts. This ensures that pupils with acquisition and the linguistic communication disablements are responsible for their actions and esteem the diverseness. Many pupils are emotionally disturbed missing character traits such as earnestness, teamwork, disobedience and other antisocial behaviours ( Vaughn, S. and Bos, C.S 2009 ) .Doctrine of instructional designIdentify the Behavioral jobBasically the pupil with larning disablements and behavioural upsets demonstrates noticeable behaviours which are different from that expected in school or in the society. These sorts of pupils are approached in different manner as compared to the normal pupils. Their demands an operational definition of each pupils activities that is against the expected criterion. This involves turn toing of the opprobrious behaviours in pupils and analysing each behavioral job. Development of new behaviours and activities should so follow to reciprocate the current behaviour. The effectual instruction schemes provided by the instructor should concentrate on the desirable behaviours that should be replaced with the pupil ‘s bad behaviours.Understanding the Disabili ty and the pupils behavioural ChallengeUnderstanding the pupil with a learning disablement and behavioural jobs is a really ambitious undertaking. Working with these pupils and detecting the overall public presentation in school is one of the assignments which need a batch of concentration. It is better to happen the pupils strength and work with the pupil toward those strengths. There exist a relationship between the kid and the instructor which involves the single intervention. There are many factors that affect the pupils with disablements on which many are ignored by the instructors. In most instances the instructor assumes that the behaviour of the pupil is coming from the discourtesy and the aggressive behaviours. These include the multiple acquisition and behavioural disablements kids are faced such as ; ( Brownell & A ; Pajares, 2010 ) . dyslexia auditory processing upset attending shortage upset non-verbal acquisition upsets Most learning disablements in pupils autumn are loosely categorized into two: verbal and gestural. The pupils with verbal larning disablements experience obscureness with both spoken and written words. Dyslexia is the most common verbal acquisition disablement which gives the pupil problem in placing and treating letters and the sounds associated with the peculiar missive. Some pupils with verbal larning disablements find it difficult to utilize and talk with other facets of linguistic communication. Others find it difficult to compose as their encephalons struggle to command the many things that go into as they are composing which includes traveling their manus to construction missive shapes to remembrance of the right grammar regulations involved in composing down a peculiar sentence. Students with gestural larning disablements experience jobs in treating what they see and view. This involves doing sense of ocular inside informations like illustrations and Numberss on a chalkboard. Some pupils with a gestural acquisition disablement ever do some mistakes like confounding the plus mark with the mark for division.Opportunities to Practice New BehaviorsIn deciding the status of larning disablement from the pupil, the initial activity should be the diagnosing of the job. Once the pupil behavioral and larning disablement job is identified, a set of schemes and processs follows in an attempt of reconstructing the pupil ‘s self-esteem and assurance. This involves working and monitoring by a particular instructor in larning some particular accomplishments which aids in specifying a pupil ‘s strengths and the failings. Particular equipments and specialised schoolroom are sometimes indispensable for certain topics. The learning environment should be structured in guaranting that the pupils are suitably geting the societal accomplishments. This includes the chances of the pupil interaction with the acquisition environment. The footing and the foundation of t he active engagement of the pupil in the schoolroom is the learning environment. The appropriate differentiated direction in supervising the behaviours of the pupils includes ; Taking bends in working with spouse and following the group waies. Working in groups and actively take parting in the treatments. Demonstrate appropriate behaviour toward equals and other people in the society. Showing positive verbal and gestural relationships with others. Showing involvement and lovingness. Settling struggles between the kids without contending. Exposing appropriate fondness.Treat larning behavioural shortages as mistakes in larningThe behavioural shortages in acquisition can be viewed as mistakes and hence, the suited behavioural value demand to be straight and actively taught. It is of import to establish all societal skill instructional determinations on single pupil demands. Increasing the pupil larning independency in heightening the ego construct and the repeating failures in school requires the instructional schemes affecting self-denial, self-monitoring, self-reinforcement and the self-management. This enhances the cognitive behaviours and activities alteration ( Vaughn & A ; Bos, 2009 ) .Provision for differentiated directionFunctional Skills with wide applicationsSkills for behavioural alteration and operation of the pupil are indispensable in the pupil behavioural jobs. Functional accomplishments do n't merely affect the community personal businesss but besides involves the accomplishment of the productive life an d addition in degree of engagement. The undermentioned are schemes that can be used to learn the pupils with larning disablements ( Vaughn, & A ; Bos, 2009 ) . divide the acquisition in to subdivisions administered study supplied standard quality sentiment used diagrams, artworks and images to supplement their significance in words provided ample independent, well-designed, intensive pattern Modeled instructional patterns that should be followed by the pupils. provided prompts of schemes to utilize Get downing with the heavy instructions prepares the pupil to the more assortment pupil instructions. Individual pupil should be taken on consideration and non the group because the success of the pupil with larning disablements requires a focal point on single acquisition, single advancement and the single accomplishment. This requires expressed, precise, directed, individualised and intensive disciplinary direction of the pupils with the acquisition and behavioural disablements. Many pupils with behavioural and learning disablements are integrated in mainstream schoolrooms. Teachers need to understand that there exist the acquisition differences between these pupils with the remainder of the pupils. The pupils need more attending and monitoring and instructors should accommodate their instruction methods to assist these kids ( Brownell & A ; Pajares, 2010 ) .Positive Reinforcement to kidsDisabilities in kids are basically sheathing accomplishment countries which can include cogniti ve abilities, linguistic communication accomplishments, hapless societal interactions, emotional and executive accomplishments. Praising and appreciating the pupil for the good work positively motivates the pupil. This includes being sincere on the pupil activities and the accomplishments, noticing on the attempt put by the pupil and doing a mention that success is expected in the hereafter ( Muscott & A ; O'Brien, 2009 ) .Harmonizing to Sheldon ( 2011 ) , the category environment should be good structured and managed. Keeping the composure and house learning environment particularly when the pupil is giving difficult clip is of kernel to the instructor. Many instructors tend to take the kids ‘s behaviour personally, taking battles with the pupils. Some pupils need individualized behavior rectification plans where they are rewarded frequently in actuating them. This involves extended treatments with the pupils on the countries of concern and the job work outing accomplishments every bit good as pro-social accomplishments. Learning disablement has no remedy and most pupils and people in general have to accommodate to their acquisition differences.Assessment DesignLearning disablements are the jobs and challenges that affect the encephalon ‘s capableness to have, procedure, size up, or shop information which hinders the pupil ‘s ability to larn rapidly. These disablements are of many sorts on which certain types of the acquisition disablements interferes with the pupil ‘s ability to concentrate on a certain activity. This sort of the disablement shifts the pupils ‘ concentrations to other no of import things. The pupil ‘s behaviour can be due to either of the public presentation shortage or the skill shortage factors. Positive eventualities are required in controling the public presentation shortage while the direct instructions are required in get the better ofing the accomplishment shortage. The important skill countries of the pupil are identified during the appraisal. The lesson is implemented in groups and socially adept equals in the behavioural execution ( Vaughn & A ; Bos, 2009 ) .